Implementación de un ataque DoS a redes WPAN 802.15.4

Las redes industriales y, concretamente, las redes de sensores son hoy en día una realidad emergente y con muchas expectativas de cara al futuro sobre todo en entornos empresariales o públicos. Los grandes ayuntamientos están creando las smart cities con este tipo de estructuras. Entre los estándares que existen parece que hay dos que se imponen, los estándares 802.15.4 y ZigBee. Conjuntamente proporcionan un conjunto de protocolos y servicios a los usuarios para permitir una comunicación fiable y segura. Todo y eso, como la mayoría de redes inalámbricas, estas redes no están exentas de potenciales peligros que pueden ponerlas en un compromiso. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar la implementación de un ataque de denegación de servicio mediante un caso real. Como prueba de concepto, se muestra como dejar inhabilitado un nodo de una red que utiliza la especificación 802.15.4.This work was partly funded by the Spanish Government through projects TIN2011-27076-C03-02 “CO-PRIVACY” and CONSOLIDER INGENIO 2010 CSD2007-0004 “ARES”

Esquemas de watermarking semifrágil para la protección de imágenes de obtención remota

La flexibilidad de la transmisión de la información y los reducidos precios de los dispositivos digitales hacen posible que la gran mayoría de personas tengan acceso a reproducir, editar e intercambiar todo tipo de contenidos multimedia. La Red permite que los contenidos se puedan transmitir sin ningún problema y la redistribución se realiza sin pérdida de calidad alguna. La facilidad con la que se puede modificar un contenido y la distribución sin permiso de este han contribuido a que la protección del contenido y la prevención de las manipulaciones se hayan convertido en una importante área de investigación. Esto hace que las técnicas de protección de contenidos digitales y, entre ellas, las técnicas de watermarking sean de gran importancia para proteger los derechos de autor o para autenticar el contenido.The flexibility of content transmission and the low prices of digital players make it possible for that vast majority of people to play, edit and exchange all kinds of multimedia contents. The Internet allows that all these contents are transmitted without effort and redistribution can be performed without any kind of quality loss. The easiness to modify contents and the unauthorised distribution of them have contributed to the development of content protection and tampering prevention as relevant research topics. Because of this, digital content protection techniques and, among them, watermarking systems have become suitable strategies for copyright protection and content authentication.La flexibilitat de la transmissió de la informació i els preus reduïts dels dispositius digitals fan possible que la gran majoria de persones tinguin accés a reproduir, editar i intercanviar tot tipus de continguts multimèdia. La Xarxa permet que els continguts es puguin transmetre sense cap problema i la redistribució es realitza sense cap pèrdua de qualitat. La facilitat amb què es pot modificar un contingut i la distribució sense permís d'aquest han contribuït a fer que la protecció del contingut i la prevenció de les manipulacions s'hagin convertit en una important àrea de recerca. Això fa que les tècniques de protecció de continguts digitals i, entre elles, les tècniques de watermarking siguin de gran importància per protegir els drets d’autor o per autenticar el contingut.Societat de la informació i el coneixemen

Un congrès scientifique à l’école secondaire: articulant l’apprentissage basé en projets et l’enquête scientifique

Los Proyectos de Investigación son una aproximación didáctica que recoge elementos del Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos y la Enseñanza de las Ciencias Basada en la Indagación. Se describe el diseño y aplicación de un “Proyecto de Investigación” con alumnado de 1º de ESO del Instituto de Educación Secundaria Marta Estrada (Granollers) sobre los Ciclos Biogeoquímicos, la Hidrosfera y la Atmósfera. En éste el alumnado organiza y participa como investigador en un Congreso Científico Escolar sobre Contaminación. A partir de los resultados obtenidos en la aplicación, se identifican elementos de importancia en el diseño de Proyectos de Investigación, relativos a la autonomía del alumnado, el papel del contexto y el desarrollo de las dimensiones conceptual, procedimental y epistémica de la Competencia Científica.Inquiry Projects are a didactic approach including elements from Project-Based Learning and Inquiry-Based Science Education. We describe the design and application of a “Research Project” with 12-years-old students on Biogeochemical Cycles, Hydrosphere and Atmosphere. In this project, students organize a Scientific Congress on Pollution and participate in it as researchers. From the results of the application, we identify key elements in developing Inquiry Projects, related to the students’ self-regulation, the role of the activity context and the development of the conceptual, procedural and epistemic dimensions of the Scientific Competence.Les Projets d'Enquête sont une stratégie didactique qui contient des éléments de l’Apprentissage Basé en Projets et de l’Enseignement des Sciences Fondé sur l'Investigation. Nous décrivons le dessin et application d’un «Projet de Recherche» avec des élèves de 12 ans sur les Cycles Biogéochimiques, l’Hydrosphère et l’Atmosphère. Les étudiants organisent un Congrès Scientifique sur la Pollution et y participent comme des chercheurs. D'après les résultats de l'application, nous identifions des éléments clé dans le dessin de Projets d'Enquête, associés à l'autonomie des étudiants, le rôle du contexte et le déroulement des dimensions conceptuelle, procédurale et épistémique de la Compétence Scientifique.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad EDU2015-66643-C2-1-

XYZ-Stars i Solar System Pathway : una experiència museística de treball per projectes sobre les constel·lacions i el Sistema Solar

L'alumnat de secundària sol presentar concepcions errònies relatives a les dimensions i proporcions de l'Univers i els cossos celests. Les metodologies actives (com el treball per projectes) suposen una oportunitat per a ubicar aquestes concepcions en el marc d'un con-flicte cognitiu. Es descriuen dues experiències interdisciplinars de treball per projectes sobre les constel·lacions i el Sistema Solar. Les experiències s'han dut a terme com a projecte trimestral en col·laboració amb el Museu de Ciències Naturals de Granollers, i ha resultat en una exposició oberta al públic de les produccions dels alumnes en una sala del museu i en forma de maqueta urbana de 10 km. Els resultats de l'aplicació es descriuen juntament amb una valoració per a orientar el desenvolupament de projectes trimestrals.High school students usually present misconceptions related with the dimensions and pro-portions of the Univers and celestials bodies. Active methodologies (as project work) repre-sent an opportunity to put these misconceptions in a situation of a cognitive conflict. In this article, it has been described two interdisciplinary experiences of project work about the constellations and the Solar system. The experiences have been developed as a quarterly project with the collaboration of Natural Science Museum of Granollers, and as a result it has been done an exhibition open to the public about students' productions in a room of the museum as a urban model. The results of the applications have been described together with an assessment to guide the development of quarterly projects

The use of faecal immunochemical testing in the decision-making process for the endoscopic investigation of iron deficiency anaemia

Background: Blood loss from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the most common cause of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in adult men and postmenopausal women. Gastroduodenal endoscopy (GDE) and colonoscopy are frequently recommended, despite uncertainty regarding the coexistence of lesions in the upper and lower GI tract. The faecal immunochemical test (FIT) measures the concentration of faecal haemoglobin (f-Hb) originating only from the colon or rectum. We aimed to assess whether the FIT was able to select the best endoscopic procedure for detecting the cause of IDA. Methods: A prospective study of 120 men and postmenopausal women referred for a diagnostic study of IDA were evaluated with an FIT, GDE and colonoscopy. The endoscopic finding of a significant upper lesion (SUL) or a significant bowel lesion (SBL) was considered to be the cause of the IDA. Results: The diagnoses were 35.0% SUL and 20.0% SBL, including 13.3% GI cancer. In the multivariate analysis, the concentration of blood haemoglobin (b-Hb) <9 g/dL (OR: 2.60; 95% CI 1.13-6.00; p = 0.025) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs (2.56; 1.13-5.88; p = 0.024) were associated with an SUL. Age (0.93; 0.88-0.99; p = 0.042) and f-Hb ≥ 15 μg Hb/g faeces (38.53; 8.60-172.50; p < 0.001) were associated with an SBL. A 'FIT plus gastroscopy' strategy, in which colonoscopy is performed only when f-Hb ≥15 μg Hb/g faeces, would be able to detect 92.4% of lesions and be 100% accurate in the detection of cancer while avoiding 71.6% of colonoscopies. Conclusions The FIT is an accurate method for selecting the best endoscopy study for the evaluation of IDA. An FIT-based strategy is more cost-effective than the current bidirectional endoscopy-based strategy and could improve endoscopic resource allocatio

A novel semi-fragile forensic watermarking scheme for remote sensing images

Peer-reviewedA semi-fragile watermarking scheme for multiple band images is presented. We propose to embed a mark into remote sensing images applying a tree structured vector quantization approach to the pixel signatures, instead of processing each band separately. The signature of themmultispectral or hyperspectral image is used to embed the mark in it order to detect any significant modification of the original image. The image is segmented into threedimensional blocks and a tree structured vector quantizer is built for each block. These trees are manipulated using an iterative algorithm until the resulting block satisfies a required criterion which establishes the embedded mark. The method is shown to be able to preserve the mark under lossy compression (above a given threshold) but, at the same time, it detects possibly forged blocks and their position in the whole image.Se presenta un esquema de marcas de agua semi-frágiles para múltiples imágenes de banda. Proponemos incorporar una marca en imágenes de detección remota, aplicando un enfoque de cuantización del vector de árbol estructurado con las definiciones de píxel, en lugar de procesar cada banda por separado. La firma de la imagen hiperespectral se utiliza para insertar la marca en el mismo orden para detectar cualquier modificación significativa de la imagen original. La imagen es segmentada en bloques tridimensionales y un cuantificador de vector de estructura de árbol se construye para cada bloque. Estos árboles son manipulados utilizando un algoritmo iteractivo hasta que el bloque resultante satisface un criterio necesario que establece la marca incrustada. El método se muestra para poder preservar la marca bajo compresión con pérdida (por encima de un umbral establecido) pero, al mismo tiempo, detecta posiblemente bloques forjados y su posición en la imagen entera.Es presenta un esquema de marques d'aigua semi-fràgils per a múltiples imatges de banda. Proposem incorporar una marca en imatges de detecció remota, aplicant un enfocament de quantització del vector d'arbre estructurat amb les definicions de píxel, en lloc de processar cada banda per separat. La signatura de la imatge hiperespectral s'utilitza per inserir la marca en el mateix ordre per detectar qualsevol modificació significativa de la imatge original. La imatge és segmentada en blocs tridimensionals i un quantificador de vector d'estructura d'arbre es construeix per a cada bloc. Aquests arbres són manipulats utilitzant un algoritme iteractiu fins que el bloc resultant satisfà un criteri necessari que estableix la marca incrustada. El mètode es mostra per poder preservar la marca sota compressió amb pèrdua (per sobre d'un llindar establert) però, al mateix temps, detecta possiblement blocs forjats i la seva posició en la imatge sencera

Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet

© 2013 Massachusetts Medical Society[Background]: Observational cohort studies and a secondary prevention trial have shown an inverse association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular risk. We conducted a randomized trial of this diet pattern for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events.[Methods]: In a multicenter trial in Spain, we randomly assigned participants who were at high cardiovascular risk, but with no cardiovascular disease at enrollment, to one of three diets: a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil, a Mediterranean diet supplemented with mixed nuts, or a control diet (advice to reduce dietary fat). Participants received quarterly individual and group educational sessions and, depending on group assignment, free provision of extra-virgin olive oil, mixed nuts, or small nonfood gifts. The primary end point was the rate of major cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes). On the basis of the results of an interim analysis, the trial was stopped after a median follow-up of 4.8 years.[Results]: A total of 7447 persons were enrolled (age range, 55 to 80 years); 57% were women. The two Mediterranean-diet groups had good adherence to the intervention, according to self-reported intake and biomarker analyses. A primary end-point event occurred in 288 participants. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios were 0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54 to 0.92) and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.96) for the group assigned to a Mediterranean diet with extra-virgin olive oil (96 events) and the group assigned to a Mediterranean diet with nuts (83 events), respectively, versus the control group (109 events). No diet-related adverse effects were reported.[Conclusions]: Among persons at high cardiovascular risk, a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts reduced the incidence of major cardiovascular events.Supported by the official funding agency for biomedical research of the Spanish government, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), through grants provided to research networks specifically developed for the trial (RTIC G03/140, to Dr. Estruch; RTIC RD 06/0045, to Dr. Martínez-González and through Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición [CIBERobn]), and by grants from Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC 06/2007), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria–Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (PI04-2239, PI 05/2584, CP06/00100, PI07/0240, PI07/1138, PI07/0954, PI 07/0473, PI10/01407, PI10/02658, PI11/01647, and P11/02505), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (AGL-2009-13906-C02 and AGL2010-22319-C03), Fundación Mapfre 2010, Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0105/2007), Public Health Division of the Department of Health of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Generalitat Valenciana (ACOMP06109, GVACOMP2010-181, GVACOMP2011-151, CS2010-AP-111, and CS2011-AP-042), and Regional Government of Navarra (P27/2011)

Activating cannabinoid receptor 2 preserves axonal health through GSK-3β/NRF2 axis in adrenoleukodystrophy

Aberrant endocannabinoid signaling accompanies several neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Here, we report altered endocannabinoid signaling in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a rare neurometabolic demyelinating syndrome caused by malfunction of the peroxisomal ABCD1 transporter, resulting in the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). We found abnormal levels of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2r) and related endocannabinoid enzymes in the brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of X-ALD patients and in the spinal cord of a murine model of X-ALD. Preclinical treatment with a selective agonist of CB2r (JWH133) halted axonal degeneration and associated locomotor deficits, along with normalization of microgliosis. Moreover, the drug improved the main metabolic disturbances underlying this model, particularly in redox and lipid homeostatic pathways, including increased lipid droplets in motor neurons, through the modulation of the GSK-3β/NRF2 axis. JWH133 inhibited Reactive Oxygen Species elicited by excess VLCFAs in primary microglial cultures of Abcd1-null mice. Furthermore, we uncovered intertwined redox and CB2r signaling in the murine spinal cords and in patient PBMC samples obtained from a phase II clinical trial with antioxidants (NCT01495260). These findings highlight CB2r signaling as a potential therapeutic target for X-ALD and perhaps other neurodegenerative disorders that present with dysregulated redox and lipid homeostasis.This study was funded by the Institute of Health Carlos III through projects [PI19/01008] to SF and [PI20/00759] to AP (co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund, ERDF, a way to build Europe), Miguel Servet program [CPII16/00016] to SF and [PFIS, FI18/00141] to LPS (co-funded by the European Social Fund, ESF investing in your future). This study was also funded by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality (EC10-137), the Autonomous Government of Catalonia [2017SGR1206], the Hesperia Foundation, CERTIS Obres i Serveis, and the Crowd funding Campaign Arnau’97 to AP. JP was a predoctoral fellow of IDIBELL. The Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), an initiative of the Institute of Health Carlos III, funded the position of MR. Locomotor experiments were performed by the SEFALer unit F5 led by AP, which belongs to the CIBERER structure. We thank the CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya for institutional support